Description
Cosmic rays are modulatated by solar and geomagnetic activity, which are key aspects of Space Weather. Space Weather events, like solar storms, can enhance or interact with cosmic ray effects, particulary in terms of radiations hazards and atmospheric ionization. Radiation dose models allow the calculation of the ionization and radiation levels during a flight due to the enhanced radiation environment created by solar energetic particle events.
Various European projects that provide space weather services, such as spacecraft operations and aviation, rely on neutron monitor data. In this presentation, two major European projects will be discussed, respectively ESA Space Safety Program (S2P) Space WEather Service NETwork (SWESNET, https://swe.ssa.esa.int/) and Pan-European Consortium for Aviation Space weather User Services (PECASUS,...
Three years after GLE 73 (October 28, 2021), three distinct GLEs took place before the end of 2024.The first event, GLE 74 registered on May 11, 2024, followed by GLE75 on June, 8 and GLE 76 on November 21. Each event exhibited unique characteristics in terms of intensity, temporal evolution, and spectral properties. Notably,GLE 74 occurred during an irregular Forbush Decrease with sharp...
We examine the energy spectra of secondary particles linked to solar events to identify and classify Forbush decreases (FD), ground-level enhancements (GLE), and magnetospheric effects (ME) detected by particle detector networks on Earth's surface.
We present energy spectra of neutrons related to the magnetospheric effect observed on November 5, 2023, and the GLE on May 11, 2024.
We refine...
Neutron monitors (NMs) play a crucial role in studying cosmic-ray interactions and atmospheric neutron cascades. However, their response to high-energy neutrons (above 20 MeV) remains uncertain due to the limited availability of neutron cross-section data in simulation frameworks such as GEANT4. This study aims to evaluate the energy sensitivity of a neutron monitor using Monte Carlo...
Temporary decreases in the GCR flux due to the passage of an ICME can be observed in ground-based neutron monitors (NMs) and muon detectors. The details of these Forbush decreases are useful for space weather studies and alerts. We derive hourly variations in the GCR rigidity spectrum during several Forbush decreases using a global fit to count rates from the NM and muon-detector networks, and...
The High Efficiency Neutron Spectrometry Array (HENSA) project develops advanced neutron spectrometers for underground laboratories and cosmic-ray studies. Utilizing a modified Bonner Spheres System (BSS), HENSA achieves ten times higher efficiency than BSS, detecting neutrons from thermal energies to 10 GeV. This enables real-time spectral analysis of solar events such as Ground Level...
We investigate the transport of solar energetic particles (SEPs) during the 28 October 2021 (GLE73) event, focusing on their longitudinal spread. Multi-spacecraft observations revealed a remarkably wide longitudinal diffusion, enabling particles to reach very high energies. In this work, we incorporate SEP measurements from STEREO A, SolO/HET & SEPT, and SOHO/EPHIN, as well as newly available...
