Description
Galactic cosmic rays are subjected to modulation when entering the heliosphere. An overview of these modulation processes along with computations with various modulation models provide useful information regarding the size and shape of the heliosphere, the local interstellar spectra at lower energies, the modulation in the heliosheath,
Ground-level enhancements (GLE) designate eventS where relativistic protons and ions of solar origin trigger a cascade of secondary nucleons in the Earth’s atmosphere that can be detected on ground. GLEs require primary particles with energies of at least 430 MeV/nucleon, with a spectrum that may extend to several tens of GeV. They are extremes of solar particle acceleration, which pose...
The availability of high time resolution NM data in near real-time through NMDB makes it possible to generate GLE alerts. Potential stakeholders are researchers in the field of space weather as well as e.g. airlines who have to assess the radiation dose exposure of crew members and passengers along the flight routes. Currently, at least two institutions operate such alert applications. These...
We investigate the shape and extend of the solar wind transition surfaces, namely the slow (sonic), the fast magnetosonic and the Alven surface, as a function of heliospheric latitude using actual experimental data from Ulysses, Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter pole to pole journey. We also derive the temporal variation of the radius of these surfaces using measurements from spacecraft at...
